Charts

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Analysis

Assessment of Public Finances

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Editorial

Financial Stability Assessment

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Monetary Policy Review

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22 charts

The euro area’s current account has long been in surplus

Relative to GDP the EU continues to invest heavily in research and development

Corporate R&D expenditure in EU relative to GDP is currently significantly lower than in the United States

R&D expenditure has fallen behind in Europe

Growth of machinery, equipment and intangible investments in the euro area slow in comparison with other economies

Euro area investment in intellectual property products has increased substantially

Euro area’s non-residential investment-to-GDP ratio has declined in the longer term

Euro area investment has increased less than GDP

In non-residential investment the euro area has fallen behind other economies

Rising unemployment rate will gradually begin to fall

Inflation will remain moderate

Aggregate demand is being underpinned by public demand and net exports

Finland’s recovery from recession is in progress

Results of the model simulation: impact of import tariff increases on the level of total output

Trade policy uncertainty has increased significantly

A trade war would increase tariffs significantly

Gross domestic product growth under three scenarios

Ratio of fixed capital stock (K) to human capital stock (H), 1934–2023

Stock of human capital in three forecast scenarios, 2024–2075

Total population of 16–34-year-olds in population projections and in Bank of Finland long-term forecast baseline scenarios