Charts

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Analysis

Assessment of Public Finances

Blog

Editorial

Financial Stability Assessment

Forecast

Monetary Policy Review

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186 charts

Most over-indebted households still had a financial margin

Experience of over-indebtedness became more common in all income quintiles

Rising prices and interest rates put particular strain on younger households

Experience of difficulty making ends meet became more widespread

An increasingly large proportion of households experienced difficulty making ends meet

Financial margin increased between 2019 and 2023 except for the lowest income households

Households’ consumption expenditure grew rapidly, especially in 2021–2023

Defence-related manufacturing has nearly tripled since 2021

Ukraine’s public sector deficit has soared since 2021

Liquid assets in Russia’s National Wealth Fund as a share of GDP have fallen over the past five years

YKHI-inflaatio alaerineen (kesäkuun 2025 BMPE-ennuste)

A fictitious example of a cross-check of the baseline forecast against conditional model forecasts (year-on-year, %)

Finnish GDP growth and the structural shocks driving it, as seen through the lens of the Aino model (BMPE 2023 December forecast)

Updating the forecast with the Aino model involves several steps

Bank of Finland’s forecasting hub: The core Aino model and integrated elements

Aino model structure

Finland’s cost competitiveness will remain virtually unchanged

Earnings indicators point to an annual wage growth of 3% on average

Inflation will pick up slightly towards the end of the forecast period

Potential output will grow slowly