Bank of Finland Bulletin 2 • 2025
Publication date 13 June 2025.
The Finnish version was published on 8 May 2025.Vol.
Six issues of the Bank of Finland Bulletin will be published in 2025.
Editor-in-Chief
Tuomas Välimäki
Editorial Board
Iina Lario, Chairperson
Niko Herrala
Esa Jokivuolle
Helinä Laakkonen
Markku Lehmus
Kirsi Ripatti
Petri Uusitalo, Secretary
Juuso Vanhala
Articles
Prepared in the Payment Systems Department under the coordination of Principal Adviser Kirsi Ripatti.
Authors
Maria Huhtaniska-Montiel
Miki Kuusinen
Johanna Schreck
Atte Valtanen
Charts and tables
Maiju Kupiainen
Translation and editing
Bank of Finland Language Services,
Bank of Finland Communications
Subscriptions to the newsletter
www.bofbulletin.fi
The contents of the Bulletin may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested.
ISSN 1456-5870 (online)