Bank of Finland Bulletin 4 • 2023
Publication dates 3 October and the end of October 2023.
The Finnish version was published on 3 October 2023.
Vol. 97
Five issues of the Bank of Finland Bulletin will be published in 2023.
Editor-in-Chief
Tuomas Välimäki
Editorial Board
Matti Hellqvist
Jenni Hellström, Chairperson
Niko Herrala
Esa Jokivuolle
Helinä Laakkonen
Markku Lehmus
Meri Obstbaum
Petri Uusitalo, Secretary
Articles
Prepared in the Monetary Policy and Research Department under the supervision of Markku Lehmus.
Authors
Juhana Hukkinen
Pasi Ikonen
Mika Kortelainen
Sanna Kurronen
Olli-Matti Laine
Jaakko Nelimarkka
Sami Oinonen
Seija Parviainen
Lauri Poutanen
Mika Pösö
Lauri Vilmi
Charts and tables
Heli Honkaharju
Translation and editing
Bank of Finland Language Services,
Bank of Finland Communications
Subscriptions to the newsletter
www.bofbulletin.fi
The contents of the Bulletin may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested.
ISSN 1456-5870 (online)
Bank of Finland
PO Box 160
FI-00101 HELSINKI
Phone: 09 1831
International +358 9 1831
www.bofbulletin.fi
www.bof.fi/en