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The long-term forecasting scenarios for economic growth combine the projections for human capital and fixed capital.

Climate change and biodiversity loss pose threats to financial stability. The financial sector in Finland seems to have less exposure to emissions-intensive businesses than in many other euro area countries, but the risks surrounding the transition to carbon neutrality can hardly be avoided in Finland either.

It is well known that the real natural rate of interest, r*, is an inherently unobservable variable, and therefore reasonable estimates of its level are hard to determine. In our search for such estimates, we first apply a semi-structural model by Holston, Laubach and Williams (2023) and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s recent estimate of the euro area natural rate.

Finland’s economy is making a sluggish recovery from recession. According to the Bank of Finland’s September 2024 interim forecast, Finland’s gross domestic product (GDP) for the full year 2024 will again show a contraction.

The Finnish economy is still in recession. The recession has reached its lowest point, and a gradual recovery is expected to begin towards the end of 2024.

The instability seen in crypto-asset markets has had very little effect on the global financial system, but the growing and partially hidden linkages between markets are a cause for concern.

The Finnish economy is in mild recession. The rise in prices and interest rates, and weaker export demand, are weighing on the economy, and recovery from the recession will be slow.

The need to rapidly reduce carbon dioxide emissions will adversely impact the operations of many companies, and may make old operations unprofitable. Loan portfolio risks can be assessed by combining company-specific information on technologies and emissions with corporate loan portfolio data.

The Finnish economy slipped into recession last autumn as a result of the energy crisis brought on by Russia’s war in Ukraine. The economy's weak performance will continue this year, as it takes time for the effects of high inflation and the rise in interest rates to be felt in full.

Data on the demand for and supply of bank loans in Finland is obtained four times a year through the euro area bank lending survey.

Climate change is forcing the economy to transit towards a more sustainable future. Transition risks are related to the process of adjustment to a low-carbon economy. Granular data are needed to analyse the transition risks.

The economy in Finland is weakening after a strong start to the year. The energy crisis and rising inflation have increased the risk of a recession.

In just over two months, the Russia’s war has caused severe economic dislocation in many areas. We assess possible economic impacts of the Ukraine invasion on Russia and the euro area.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has cast a new veil of gloom over the outlook for Finland’s economy. In the two scenarios, the war in Ukraine will increase inflation and slow Finland’s GDP growth in the current year between 0.5% and 2%. The economic impact could be prolonged.

The IMF’s new comprehensive Climate Strategy is a clear signal that the IMF intends to meet the challenge of climate change. The new Climate Strategy emphasizes the significant impacts that climate risks, climate policy actions as well as adaptation and transition needs will have on macroeconomic stability and envisions integrating climate change into most surveillance and capacity development activities.

The shock of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated deterioration in the economic outlook has exacerbated solvency concerns and increased the risks of debt restructurings in low-income countries (LICs).

The Finnish economy strengthened faster than expected in the course of spring and summer 2021.

Cash must be available and it must be possible to use cash for as long as people need and want it.

The recovery of the Finnish economy from the COVID-19 crisis has been boosted by stronger-than-expected developments in the second half of 2020.

Due to climate change, extreme weather events will become more frequent, resulting in material damage to buildings and other infrastructure. In Finland, for example, this will probably increase the risk of coastal floods.