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    <title>Bank of Finland Bulletin</title>
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    <description>Bank of Finland articles on the economy</description>
    
      <item>
        <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 13:00:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>High oil prices help, but won’t solve, Russia’s economic troubles</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2026/high-oil-prices-help-but-wont-solve-russias-economic-troubles/</link>
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        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[With the gyrating, generally upward trend in crude oil prices since the outbreak of the Iran war, oil price trends – particularly their impacts on Russian economic output and government finances – deserve consideration.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Heli</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Simola</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/heli-simola/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 10:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <title>Four years of full-scale war: How Ukraine is building economic strength</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2026/four-years-of-full-scale-war-how-ukraine-is-building-economic-strength/</link>
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        <category>International economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[It has been over a decade since Russia launched military actions against Ukraine and this week marks the fourth anniversary since the full-scale invasion, yet Ukraine’s economy continues to grow, evolve and even innovate.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Sinikka</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Parviainen</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/sinikka-parviainen/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 15:15:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <title>Rough times for the Russian economy</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2026/rough-times-for-the-russian-economy/</link>
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        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[Russia marks the fourth anniversary of its full-scale war of aggression on Ukraine on February 24.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Laura</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Solanko</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Adviser</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/laura-solanko/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2025 15:45:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>Russian budget framework for 2026‒2028 foresees tax hikes and lots of red ink</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/russian-budget-framework-for-2026-2028-foresees-tax-hikes-and-lots-of-red-ink/</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/russian-budget-framework-for-2026-2028-foresees-tax-hikes-and-lots-of-red-ink/</guid>
        
        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[The latest preliminary budget framework approved by the Russian government suggests a tightening of the government’s fiscal stance. The large war deficits of recent years have complicated Russia’s finances, forcing the government to harness all parts of the economy to finance the war effort.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Heli</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Simola</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/heli-simola/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 11:30:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>New oil price cap adds to Russia’s economic distress</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/new-oil-price-cap-adds-to-russia-s-economic-distress/</link>
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        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[In mid-July, European Union countries adopted their 18th sanctions package of economic and individual measures against Russia. The latest batch of sanctions seek to further degrade Russia’s ability to pursue its war of aggression in Ukraine and support EU efforts to end the war.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Laura</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Solanko</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Adviser</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/laura-solanko/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jun 2025 14:00:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>Old wisdom and new trends in monetary policy implementation</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/old-wisdom-and-new-trends-in-monetary-policy-implementation/</link>
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        <category>Monetary policy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Niko</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Herrala</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Head of Division</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/niko-herrala/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Wed, 04 Jun 2025 11:00:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>War economy boosts life satisfaction for ethnic Russians and residents of military-industrial regions</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/war-economy-boosts-life-satisfaction-for-ethnic-russians-and-residents-of-military-industrial-regions/</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/war-economy-boosts-life-satisfaction-for-ethnic-russians-and-residents-of-military-industrial-regions/</guid>
        
        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[The analysis of Russian household survey data finds that overall subjective well-being and financial security have improved on average during 2022-2023 but with interesting disparities. Ethnic Russians and those in military-industrial regions have experienced notable gains, whereas retirement aged and highly educated have gained less if at all. ]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Sinikka</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Parviainen</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/sinikka-parviainen/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 12:00:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>War has degraded Russia’s long-term economic outlook and business environment</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/war-has-degraded-russia-s-long-term-economic-outlook-and-business-environment/</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/war-has-degraded-russia-s-long-term-economic-outlook-and-business-environment/</guid>
        
        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[Russia’s decision to start a war in Ukraine has eroded its economic growth potential and deteriorated its business environment. These problems will remain long after sanctions are lifted.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Heli</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Simola</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/heli-simola/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Mon, 05 May 2025 11:00:00 +0300</pubDate>
        <title>Falling oil prices reduce Russia’s budget revenues</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/falling-oil-prices-reduce-russia-s-budget-revenues/</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/falling-oil-prices-reduce-russia-s-budget-revenues/</guid>
        
        <category>Russian economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[Russia’s government finances are very sensitive to changes in global oil prices. Last year, oil &amp; gas earnings accounted for about 30 % of total federal revenues and 16 % of consolidated government revenues.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Heli</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Simola</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/heli-simola/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
      </item>
      
      <item>
        <pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 13:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
        <title>Economic resilience key in Ukraine’s three-year fight for survival</title>
        <link>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/economic-resilience-key-in-ukraine-s-three-year-fight-for-survival/</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/blogs/2025/economic-resilience-key-in-ukraine-s-three-year-fight-for-survival/</guid>
        
        <category>International economy</category>
        
        <description><![CDATA[We are now entering the fourth year of Russia’s full-on military invasion of Ukraine, yet the aggressor Russia, despite its vast military advantage, has failed to subdue Ukraine.]]></description>
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        <et:author>
          <et:firstName>Sinikka</et:firstName>
          <et:lastName>Parviainen</et:lastName>
          <et:title>Senior Economist</et:title>
          <et:url>http://www.bofbulletin.fi/en/author/sinikka-parviainen/</et:url>
        </et:author>
        
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